References

Step 1: Understand the Problem, the Solution
  1. Lynn J. (1998). “If a tree falls...”—The sound of suffering in nursing homes. ABCD Exchange; Sept., accessed 12/10/2003.
  2. AGS Panel on Persistent Pain in Older Persons. (2002). The management of persistent pain in older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society; 50(S6):205-224.
  3. Fox PA, Raina P, Jadad AR. (1999). Prevalence and treatment of pain in older adults in nursing homes and other long-term care institutions: a systematic review. Canadian Medical Association Journal; 160(3):329-333.
  4. Sengstaken EA, King SA. (1993). The problems of pain and its detection among geriatric nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society; 41(5):541-544.
  5. Cadogan MP, Schnelle JF, Yamamoto-Mitani N. (2004). A MDS prevalence of pain quality indicator: Is it accurate and does it reflect differences in care processes? Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences; 59:M281-M285. 
  6. Chu L, Schnell JF, Cadogan MP, Simmons SF. (2004). Using the minimum data set to select nursing home residents for interview about pain. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society; 52(12):2057-2061.
  7. Reuters Health. (2003). Chronic pain often untreated in nursing homes. Accessed 12/10/03 at http://12.31.13.155/HealthNews/reuters/NewsStory021720032.htm.
Step 2: Pain Screening
  1. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2004) Enhanced set of quality measures now available at Medicare’s easier-to-use Nursing Home Compare. Press release accessed 2/22/04.
  2. AGS Panel on Persistent Pain in Older Persons. (2002). The management of persistent pain in older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society; 50(S6):205-224.
  3. Fox PA, Raina P, Jadad AR. (1999). Prevalence and treatment of pain in older adults in nursing homes and other long-term care institutions: a systematic review. Canadian Medical Association Journal; 160(3):329-333.
  4. Cadogan MP, Schnelle JF, Yamamoto-Mitani N. A MDS prevalence of pain quality indicator: Is it accurate and does it reflect differences in care processes? Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences; 59:M281-M285.
  5. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Revised long term care resident assessment instrument user’s manual for the Minimum Data Set (MDS), Version 2.0. [On-line] Accessed August 25, 2003.
  6. McCaffery M., Pasero C. Pain Clinical Manual 2nd Edition 1999.
  7. Chu L, Schnell JF, Cadogan MP, Simmons SF. Using the minimum data set to select nursing home residents for interview about pain. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society; 52(12):2057-2061. 
  8. Parmalee PA, Smith B, Katz IR. (1993). Pain complaints and cognitive status among elderly institutionalized residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society; 41:517 – 522.
  9. Manz BD, Mosier R, Nusser-Gerlach MA, Bergstrom N, Agrawal S. (2000). Pain assessment in the cognitively impaired and unimpaired elderly. Pain Management Nursing; 1(4):106-115.
  10. Simmons SF, Schnelle JF, Uman GC, Kulvicki AD, Lee KO, and Ouslander JG. (1997). Selecting nursing home residents for satisfaction surveys. The Gerontologist; 37(4):543-550.
  11. Norton PG, van Maris B, Soberman L, and Murray M. (1996). Satisfaction of residents and families in log-term care: Construction and application of an instrument. Quality Management in Health Care; 4(3):38-46.
  12. Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. (2003). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association; 4(1):9-15.
Next Steps:
  1. Mooney, Chris. Dealing with the Pain. Accessed 2/22/04.
  2. World Health Organization. Who’s pain ladder. Accessed 2/22/04.
  3. American Geriatrics Society Panel on Persistent Pain in Older Persons. (2002). The Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society; 50(S6):205-224.
  4. Chronic Pain Management in the Long Term Care Setting. (1999). Clinical Practice Guidelines, American Medical Directors Association.
  5. American College of Rheumatology Sub-committee on Osteoarthritis Guidelines. (2000). Recommendations for the medical management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. Arthritis and Rheumatism; 43(9):1905-1915.
  6. Ettinger WH, Burns R, Messier SP, Applegate W, Rejeski WJ, Morgan T, Shumaker S, Berry MJ, O'Toole M, Monu J, Craven T. (1997). A randomized trial comparing aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with a health education program in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: The Fitness Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST). Journal of the American Medical Association; 277(1):25-31.
  7. Ferrell BA, Josephson KD, Pollen AM, Loy S, Ferell BR. (1997). A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging; 9(1-2):99-105.
  8. Kover PA, Allegrante JP, MacKenzie CR, Peterson MG, Gutin B, Charlson ME. (1992). Supervised fitness walking: Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine; 116(7):529-534.
  9. Simmons SF, Ferrell BA, Schnelle JF. (2002). The effects of a controlled exercise trial on pain in nursing home residents. Clinical Journal of Pain; 18(6):380-385.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
  1. World Health Organization. Who’s pain ladder. Accessed 2/22/04.
  2. American Pain Society. Pain: The Fifth Vital SignTM.  Accessed 3/10/04.
  3. McCaffery M., Pasero C. Pain Clinical Manual 2nd Edition 1999.
  4. Cadogan MP, Schnelle JF, Yamamoto-Mitani N. A MDS prevalence of pain quality indicator: Is it accurate and does it reflect differences in care processes? Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences; 59:M281-M285.
  5. Simmons SF, Ferrell BA, Schnelle JF. (2002). The effects of a controlled exercise trial on pain in nursing home residents. Clinical Journal of Pain; 18(6):380-385.
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